Written by
Farahnaz Ispahani
February 22, 2016 Quartz india
When Pakistan was founded in 1947, its secular founding fathers did not speak of an Islamic state.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, recognized as Pakistan’s
Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader), clearly declared that non-Muslims would be
equal citizens in the new country. Reflecting his secular views,
Jinnah—himself a Shia—nominated a Hindu, several Shias and an Ahmadi to
Pakistan’s first cabinet. Now, non-Muslim representation at the Cabinet
level is limited to symbolic appointments, while Shias face smear
campaigns from Sunni Muslims that declare them non-Muslims. And the
Ahmadis—who were some of Jinnah’s most ardent supporters in his quest
for a Muslim homeland on the subcontinent—are completely unrepresented;
they live as virtual outcasts in modern Pakistan.
In his famous speech of 11 August 1947, Jinnah
had stated that, in order to make Pakistan ‘happy and prosperous’, every
person living in the country, ‘no matter what is his colour, caste or
creed, [should be] first, second and last a citizen of this State with
equal rights, privileges, and obligations’. His speech advanced the case
for a secular, albeit Muslim-majority, Pakistan: ‘I cannot emphasize it
too much. We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time
all these angularities of the majority and minority communities, the
Hindu community and the Muslim community … will vanish.’
Jinnah also declared,
You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed—that has nothing to do with the business of the State … We are starting in the days where there is no discrimination, no distinction between one community and another, no discrimination between one caste or creed and another. We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State … Now I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.
The vision outlined by Pakistan’s founder remains
unfulfilled. Indeed, it appears further from realization than at any
time since this hopeful declaration of religious pluralism was made. At
the time of partition in 1947, almost 23% of Pakistan’s population
(which then included Bangladesh) comprised non-Muslim citizens. The
proportion of non-Muslims has since fallen to approximately 3%.
Pakistan
has descended to its current state of religious intolerance through a
series of political decisions by Jinnah’s successors.
Furthermore, the distinctions among Muslim
denominations have become far more accentuated over the years. Muslim
groups such as the Shias, which account for approximately 20-25% of
Pakistan’s Muslim population, are often targeted by violent extremists.
Ahmadis, barely 1% of the Muslim population, have been declared
non-Muslim by the writ of the state. Non-Muslim minorities such as
Christians, Hindus and Sikhs have been the victims of suicide bomb
attacks on their neighbourhoods, and their community members have been
converted to Islam against their will. Houses of worship of non-Muslims
as well as of Muslim minority sects have been attacked and bombed while
filled with worshippers.
Pakistan
has descended to its current state of religious intolerance through a
series of political decisions by Jinnah’s successors. The descent began
in 1949 with the Constituent Assembly declaring the objective of
Pakistan’s Constitution to be the creation of an Islamic state. It
reached a nadir with the ‘Islamization’ drive under General Zia during
the 1980s. Now, the country is dealing with armed militias and terrorist
groups—many of which were sponsored by the state under the Zia regime
and in the civil and military governments since—each intent on imposing
its version of Islam by violent means.
Pakistan’s most prominent human rights activist,
Asma Jahangir, warns that the worst is yet to come. ‘Past experience has
shown that the Islamists gain space when civilian authority weakens,’
she pointed out in an article a few years ago. ‘The proliferation of
arms and official sanction for jihad have made militant groups a
frightening challenge for the government. Pakistan’s future remains
uncertain and its will to fight against rising religious intolerance is
waning.’ The purpose of examining Pakistan’s embrace of religious
extremism is not revealed merely in the recognition of the country’s ill
treatment of its religious minorities.
In the context of a Muslim world comprising a
youthful population of somewhere in the order of 1.4 billion people, it
is equally critical to note the actions of state-sponsored organizations
or extremist groups against religious minorities in all Muslim
countries. Attacks on religious minorities occur in several
Muslim-majority nations, from Egypt to Indonesia, just as they do in
Pakistan. But as Pakistan is the first country to declare itself an
Islamic republic in modern times, the study of Pakistan’s handling of
its minorities can be a helpful guide in understanding and anticipating
the threats that would arise wherever Islamist militancy is on the
ascendant.
Excerpted with permission from HarperCollins India from the book, Purifying the Land of the Pure: Pakistan’s Religious Minorities, by Farahnaz Ispahani. We welcome your comments at ideas.india@qz.com.http://qz.com/621778/from-egypt-to-indonesia-all-islamic-nations-must-learn-from-pakistans-mistakes/