International Peace Symposium on "implementation of Pancasila in Freedom of Religions as Inspiration for the World" organized by PB JAI and Fakultas Sosial & Humaniora UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 29 October 2016.
Saturday, October 29, 2016
Wednesday, October 19, 2016
International Peace Symposium 2016.
International Peace Symposium on "implementation of Pancasila in Freedom of Religions as Inspiration for the World" organized by PB JAI and Fakultas Sosial & Humaniora UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 29 October 2016.
Thursday, March 10, 2016
Larangan Aktivitas Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia (JAI) di Jawa Timur dalam Perspektif External Protection dan Internal Restriction Will Kymlicka
Abstract
In order to protect Ahmadiyah in East Java, the executive body
of East Java Province has issued a Degree No. 188/94/KPTS/013/2011
regarding the prohibition of the Ahmadi’s activity in east java.
However, it becomes controversial. On one hand, it is considered
protecting minority’s right, but on the other hand, it also weakens the
position of Ahmadiyah toward majority’s group outside Ahmadiyah. One
implication of the degree is the loss of the primer rights of the group
in worshiping their belief in accordance with their faith. Combining
Kymlicka’s external protection and internal restriction, this article
attempts to analyze the implication from the government degree. The
basic assumption of this article is that the country is incapable to
protect the existence of minority group, Ahmadiyah. The finding shows
that the Government of East Java cannot protect the principle rights of
Ahmadiyah, especially the right to worship based on their religious
belief. As a response to this restriction, Ahmadiyah has applied an
internal restriction towards their members that protect themselves from
the majority. However, this restriction does not have a penalty so it is
considered protecting individual rights of Ahmadiyah group.
Keywords
Governor Decree, Ahmadiyah, Internal Restriction, Eksternal Protection, Will Kymlicka
Full Text:
PDF
Retrieved from: http://religio.uinsby.ac.id/index.php/religio/article/view/105
Saturday, March 5, 2016
The Fatwas of Majelis Ulama Indonesia on the Ahmadiyah Doctrines
Abstract
This paper discusses two relevant fatwas and corresponding
recommendations by Indonesian’s Ulema Council (Majlis Ulama Indonesia:
MUI) on the doctrines of Ahmadiyah. In doing so, it takes the historical
background of the issue of the fatwas along with its political context.
MUI in issuing the fatwa received the full political support of the New
Order government, which at that time was highly concerned with the
national security and stability. Moreover, Indonesia did not seem able
to reject the influence of the transnational Islamic countries’ policy,
which strongly
demanded that Ahmadiyah must be banned from any Muslim country. A strong influence of particularly the government has created distrust in the MUI’s authority as an Islamic scholar organization that was politically not
sterilized. Many have doubted that MUI’s fatwa was genuine and/or even effectively binding, particularly when its fatwa dealt with the status of sects within Islam–whether or not they are heretic.
demanded that Ahmadiyah must be banned from any Muslim country. A strong influence of particularly the government has created distrust in the MUI’s authority as an Islamic scholar organization that was politically not
sterilized. Many have doubted that MUI’s fatwa was genuine and/or even effectively binding, particularly when its fatwa dealt with the status of sects within Islam–whether or not they are heretic.
Keywords
Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI), Jemaah Ahmadiyah, fatwa, religious heresy
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ahmad, M. (2008, June 4). Faith and Violence. Retrieved from insideindonesia: http://insideindonesia.org/content/view/14/29/
Antara. (2008, May 30). Retrieved from www.antara.co.id.
Beck, H. L. (2005). The Rupture between the Muhammadiyah and the Ahmadiyya. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 161, Issue (2-3), 210-246
Blood, M. (1974). The Ahmadiyah in Indonesia: Its early history and contribution to Islam in the archipelago. Australia: Australian National University.
Djamaluddin, M. A. (2007). Ahmadiyah menodai Islam: Kumpulan data dan fakta). Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengkajian Islam (LPPI).
Hamka. (1980). Munas II MUI se-Indonesia. Mimbar Ulama, 40, 7.
Hamka. (1980). Pidato Ketua Umum Majelis Ulama Indonesia Empat Tahun. Mimbar Ulama, 33, 49-50.
Indonesia, D. P. (1976). Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
Materi-materi yang akan dibicarakan dalam Munas 2 MUI. (1980). Mimbar Ulama, 24.
Ministry of Religious Affairs. (1979). on guiding and overseeing Islamic organizations and schools of thought which contradict Islamic doctrines (no. 8). Jakarta, Indonesia: MORA.
Misbah. (2000). Menggugat kesesatan Ahmadiyah. Sabili, 28.
Misbah, L. a. (2000). Mirza lebih Parah dari Musailamah. Sabili, 134.
Misbah, L. a. (2000). Mirza Lebih Parah dari Musailamah. Sabili, 36.
Muhammad, H. S. (1986). Ahmadiyah minoritas non Muslim. Jakarta: Yayasan Ishlah Al-Ummah.
MUI. (n.d.). Fatwa Munas VII Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
MUI, D. P. (1976). Majelis Ulama Indonesia. Jakarta: MUI.
Mustafa, A. (2005). Ahmadiyah Keyakinan yang Digugat. Jakarta: Pusat data dan Analisis Tempo.
Penerangan, D. (n.d.). 10 Tahun Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
Rumadi. (2007). Sepuluh pedoman penyesatan, masyarakat bertindak sendiri. Retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://www.gusdur.net/indonesia/images/stories/montlyreport/MontlyReport-IV-bahasa
Suryawan, M. (2006). Bukan sekedar hitam putih: Kontroversi pemahaman Ahmadiyah. Tangerang: Az-Zahra Publishing.
Sutanto, T. (2006). The Challenges of Religious Freedom: An Indonesian Experience., (pp. 3-4). Retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/indonesia/eu_indonesia_day/speeches/21_t_sutanto_chale
nge_religious_freedom.pdf.
Zulkarnain, I. (2006). Gerakan Ahmadiyah di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: LKiS. (1980). Mimbar Ulama, 36, 62-63. (2008, May 30). Retrieved from http://www.mui.or.id/mui_in/komisi_mui.
php?id=22
Retrieved from: http://ejournal.uin-suska.ac.id/index.php/asiapacific/article/view/1149
Antara. (2008, May 30). Retrieved from www.antara.co.id.
Beck, H. L. (2005). The Rupture between the Muhammadiyah and the Ahmadiyya. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 161, Issue (2-3), 210-246
Blood, M. (1974). The Ahmadiyah in Indonesia: Its early history and contribution to Islam in the archipelago. Australia: Australian National University.
Djamaluddin, M. A. (2007). Ahmadiyah menodai Islam: Kumpulan data dan fakta). Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengkajian Islam (LPPI).
Hamka. (1980). Munas II MUI se-Indonesia. Mimbar Ulama, 40, 7.
Hamka. (1980). Pidato Ketua Umum Majelis Ulama Indonesia Empat Tahun. Mimbar Ulama, 33, 49-50.
Indonesia, D. P. (1976). Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
Materi-materi yang akan dibicarakan dalam Munas 2 MUI. (1980). Mimbar Ulama, 24.
Ministry of Religious Affairs. (1979). on guiding and overseeing Islamic organizations and schools of thought which contradict Islamic doctrines (no. 8). Jakarta, Indonesia: MORA.
Misbah. (2000). Menggugat kesesatan Ahmadiyah. Sabili, 28.
Misbah, L. a. (2000). Mirza lebih Parah dari Musailamah. Sabili, 134.
Misbah, L. a. (2000). Mirza Lebih Parah dari Musailamah. Sabili, 36.
Muhammad, H. S. (1986). Ahmadiyah minoritas non Muslim. Jakarta: Yayasan Ishlah Al-Ummah.
MUI. (n.d.). Fatwa Munas VII Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
MUI, D. P. (1976). Majelis Ulama Indonesia. Jakarta: MUI.
Mustafa, A. (2005). Ahmadiyah Keyakinan yang Digugat. Jakarta: Pusat data dan Analisis Tempo.
Penerangan, D. (n.d.). 10 Tahun Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
Rumadi. (2007). Sepuluh pedoman penyesatan, masyarakat bertindak sendiri. Retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://www.gusdur.net/indonesia/images/stories/montlyreport/MontlyReport-IV-bahasa
Suryawan, M. (2006). Bukan sekedar hitam putih: Kontroversi pemahaman Ahmadiyah. Tangerang: Az-Zahra Publishing.
Sutanto, T. (2006). The Challenges of Religious Freedom: An Indonesian Experience., (pp. 3-4). Retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/indonesia/eu_indonesia_day/speeches/21_t_sutanto_chale
nge_religious_freedom.pdf.
Zulkarnain, I. (2006). Gerakan Ahmadiyah di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: LKiS. (1980). Mimbar Ulama, 36, 62-63. (2008, May 30). Retrieved from http://www.mui.or.id/mui_in/komisi_mui.
php?id=22
Retrieved from: http://ejournal.uin-suska.ac.id/index.php/asiapacific/article/view/1149
Thursday, March 3, 2016
Ahmadiyah dalam Labirin Syariah dan Nasionalisme Ketuhanan di Indonesia
Abstract
This paper aims at looking at the phenomenon of intolerance against Jemaat Ahmadiya in Indonesia that has been occuring since several decades ago. The Jemaat Ahmadiya is continuously accused of blaspheming Islam, and, thus, led to its dissolution by the government. Employing political sociology as an approach, this article frames the plight of Jemaat Ahmadiyya through the lens of Jeremy Menchik’s “godly nationalism”. It then argues that (1) violence against Jemaat Ahmadiya are not only perpetrated by certain elements of intolerance society, but also accommodated by the government thanks to the general consensus regarding the common orthodox theism in Indonesia; (2) the phenomenon of intolerance also shows that Indonesian citizens are still perplexed by the concept of nationalism: on the one hand, Indonesia is deemed to be a secular state, on the other hand, it accommodates religions and their teachings into the state’s life.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Alfitri, “Religious Liberty in Indonesia and the Rights of
Deviant Sects”, Asian Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2008):
1-27.
An-Naim, Abdullahi Ahmed, Syari’a in the Secular State. Dalam buku The Law Applied, Contextualizing The Islamic Shari’a, Peri Bearman.dkk (Ed). New York: I.B.Tauris &Co Ltd, 2008.
Ayubi, Nazih, Political Islam: Religion and Politics in Arab World. London: Routledge 1991.
Cheema, Ahmad, Khilafat Telah Berdiri, Dewan Naskah Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia, 1995.
Hasani, Ismail dan Tiggor Naipospos, Bonar, Negara Menyangkal Kondisi Kebebasan Beragama/ Berkeyakinan di Indonesia Jakarta: Setara Institute, 2010.
Islam, Yusuf, Muniral dan O.Saband,i Ekky, Ahmadiyah Menggugat, Menjawab Tulisan: Menggugat Ahmadiyah. Neratja Press, Cet III, 2014.
Juergensmeyer, Mark, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts The Secular State, London, University of California Press, 1993.
Kontras, Negara Tak Kunjung Terusik: Laporan Hak Asasi Manusia Pristiwa Penyerangan Jamaah Ahmadiyah Cikeusik 6 Februaru 2011, Jakarta: Kontras, 2011.
Mahmud Ahmad, Mirza Basyiruddin, Ahmadiyyat or The True Islam, New Delhi: Award Publishing House, 1980.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia Bidang Aqidah dan Aliran Keagamaan, Ahmadiyah Qodian Jakarta: MUI, 1980.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia Bidang Aqidah dan Aliran Keagamaan, Penjelasan Tentang Fatwa Aliran Ahmadiyah, Jakarta: MUI, 2005.
Menchik, Jeremy, Productive Intolerance: Godly Nationalism in Indonesia, Journal of Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol 56, 2014.
Penjelasan pasal 1 UU PNPS tentang Penodaan agama.
Poetoesan Congres 1928, Soeara Muhammadiyah: 1928.
The Wahid Institute, Jurnal Nawala, edisi No 11/TH.IV November 2009 – Februari 2010.
Utomo, Djoko, Arsip Sebagai Simpul Pemersatu Bangsa, dalam Jurnal Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, No 13 Agustus 2009.
Uyun, Syaeful, Ahmadiyah Dalam Perspektif Aqidah dan Syariah, Makalah dalam Forum Seminar yang diselenggarakan Institut of South-East Asian Islam (ISAIs) UIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2014.
Zulkarnain, Iskandar, Gerakan Ahmadiyah di Indonesia, Yogyakarta: LKIs, 2006.
An-Naim, Abdullahi Ahmed, Syari’a in the Secular State. Dalam buku The Law Applied, Contextualizing The Islamic Shari’a, Peri Bearman.dkk (Ed). New York: I.B.Tauris &Co Ltd, 2008.
Ayubi, Nazih, Political Islam: Religion and Politics in Arab World. London: Routledge 1991.
Cheema, Ahmad, Khilafat Telah Berdiri, Dewan Naskah Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia, 1995.
Hasani, Ismail dan Tiggor Naipospos, Bonar, Negara Menyangkal Kondisi Kebebasan Beragama/ Berkeyakinan di Indonesia Jakarta: Setara Institute, 2010.
Islam, Yusuf, Muniral dan O.Saband,i Ekky, Ahmadiyah Menggugat, Menjawab Tulisan: Menggugat Ahmadiyah. Neratja Press, Cet III, 2014.
Juergensmeyer, Mark, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts The Secular State, London, University of California Press, 1993.
Kontras, Negara Tak Kunjung Terusik: Laporan Hak Asasi Manusia Pristiwa Penyerangan Jamaah Ahmadiyah Cikeusik 6 Februaru 2011, Jakarta: Kontras, 2011.
Mahmud Ahmad, Mirza Basyiruddin, Ahmadiyyat or The True Islam, New Delhi: Award Publishing House, 1980.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia Bidang Aqidah dan Aliran Keagamaan, Ahmadiyah Qodian Jakarta: MUI, 1980.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia Bidang Aqidah dan Aliran Keagamaan, Penjelasan Tentang Fatwa Aliran Ahmadiyah, Jakarta: MUI, 2005.
Menchik, Jeremy, Productive Intolerance: Godly Nationalism in Indonesia, Journal of Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol 56, 2014.
Penjelasan pasal 1 UU PNPS tentang Penodaan agama.
Poetoesan Congres 1928, Soeara Muhammadiyah: 1928.
The Wahid Institute, Jurnal Nawala, edisi No 11/TH.IV November 2009 – Februari 2010.
Utomo, Djoko, Arsip Sebagai Simpul Pemersatu Bangsa, dalam Jurnal Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, No 13 Agustus 2009.
Uyun, Syaeful, Ahmadiyah Dalam Perspektif Aqidah dan Syariah, Makalah dalam Forum Seminar yang diselenggarakan Institut of South-East Asian Islam (ISAIs) UIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2014.
Zulkarnain, Iskandar, Gerakan Ahmadiyah di Indonesia, Yogyakarta: LKIs, 2006.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/mj.v14i2.340
Retrieved from: http://journal.iain-samarinda.ac.id/index.php/mazahib/article/view/340
Tuesday, March 1, 2016
The Meccan Fatwas and The Globalized Discourse of Exclusion: The Case of Anti-Ahmadiyah Movements In Indonesia
Abstract
This article explains the historical and global contextualization
of intolerance towards religious minority group such as Ahmadiyah and
it analyzes the recent increased animosity towards them in Indonesia.
This paper argues that to understand the current persecution of
Ahmadiyah one must begin with an examination of the early transnational
efforts to marginalize Ahmadiyah and their effects on Muslim
Commnunities. The Meccan fatwas in focus and their reproduction –provide
an example of the ways in which such globalized discourses of exclusion
regarding a particular religious group were strategically framed and
mobilized in i.e. Lahore, Mecca and few other places, and how these
historical and theological factors at play could provide more insight
into the rising political intolerance and the criminalization of
religious views in Indonesia.
Keywords
Ahmadiyah, minority groups, tolerance, fatwa, transnational Islam, Mecca, Indonesia
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abaza, Mona, 2002. Debates on Islam and Knowledge in Malaysia and Egypt: Shifting Worlds. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Alfitri, 2008. "Religious Liberty in indonesia and the Rights of 'Deviant' Sects.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 3(1):3.
Avonius, Leena. 2008. “The Ahmadiyya & Freedom of Religion in Indonesia." ISIM Review 22(Autumn).
Badan Litbang Agama dan Diklat Keagamaan. 2008. Buku Sosialisasi Surat Keputusan Bersama Menteri Agama, Jaksa Agung, dan Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik lndonesia Nomor 3 Tahun 2008, Nomor KEP-033/A/JA/6/2008, Nomor 199 Tahun 2008 tentang Peringatan dan Perintah kepada Penganut, Anggota, dan/atau Anggota Pengurus Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia (JAI) dan Warga Masyarakat. Jakarta: Badan Litbang dan Diklat, Departemen Agama RI.
Beck, Herman L. 2005. “The Rupture between the Muhammadiyah and the Ahmadiyya." Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 161(2-3):210-246.
Blood, Margaret. 1974. “The Ahmadiyah in Indonesia: Its Early History and Contribution to Islam in the Archipelago.” Thesis, Department of Indonesian Languages and Literatures, Canberra, Australian National University.
Bruinessen, Martin Van. 2013. Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the Conservative Turn. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Crouch, Melissa. 2009. Indonesia: Militant Islam and Ahmadiyah: Origins and Implications. Melbourne: ARC Federation Fellowship, Centre for Islamic Law and Society, Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne.
Djamaluddin, M. Amin. 2007. Ahmadiyah Menodai Islam: Kumpulan Fakta dan Data. Jakarta; Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengkajian Islam.
Djamaluddin, M. Amin. 2008. Kebohongan Publik Terbaru Ahmadiyah: Tanggapan terhadap 12 Butir Penjelasan PB Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia. Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengkajian Islam.
Djamaluddin, M. Amin, Sudjangi, and Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengkajian Islam (Jakarta Indonesia). 2002. Ahmadiyah & Pembajakan al-Qur'an. Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian & Pengkajian Islam.
Drake, H. A. 2000. Constantine and the Bishops: the Politics of Intolerance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Husin, Asna. 1998. "Philosophical and Sociological Aspects of Dawah: A Study of Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia." New York: Columbia University.
Ichwan, Moch. Nur. 2001. 'Differing Responses to an Ahmadi Translation and Exegesis: The Holy Qur’an in Egypt and Indonesia." ArchipeI 62:143 – 161.
International Crisis Group. 2008. Indonesia: Implications of the Ahmadiyah Decree. Jakarta; Brussels: International Crisis Group.
Jalal, Ayesha. 2000. Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam since 1850. London: Routledge.
Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia. 1985. Kami Orang Islam: Dipersembahkan kepada yang Kami Cinta, Bangsa Indonesia. Jakarta: Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia.
Jones, Owen Bennett. 2002. Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Kahin, Audrey. 2012, Islam, Nationalism and Democracy: A Political Biography of Mohammad Natsir. Singapore: NUS Press.
Kamal-ud-Din, Khwaja. 1923. The Secret of Existence, or, The Gospel of Action. Woking; Basbeer Muslim Library.
Kamaluddin, Khawaja. 2006. Rahasia Hidup. Jakarta: Darrul Kutubil Islamiyah.
Kaptein, Nico J. G. 2004. The Voice of the "Ulama": Fatwas and Religious Authority in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Ma'mur, Uzamudin. 1995. ”Abul A'la Mawdudi's and Mohammad Natsir’s Views on Statehood: a Comparative Study." Montreal: McGill University.
Macmudi, Yon. 2008. Islamising Indonesia: The Rise of Jemaah Tarbiyah and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS). ANU E Press.
Mahendra, Yusril Ihza. 2008. “Sekali Lagi SKB tentang Ahmadiyah.” Retrieved (http://yusril.ihzamahendra.com/2008/06/11/sekali-Iagi-tentang-skb-ahmadiyah/).
Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). 2006. Keputusan Ijtima’ Ulama Komisi Fatwa MUI ll tahun 2005. Jakarta: Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). 2009. Mengawal Aqidah Umat: Fatwa MUl tentang Aliran-aliran Sesat di Indonesia. Jakarta: Sekretariat Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
Millie, Julian. 2012. “Preaching over Borders: Constructing Publics for Islamic Oratory in Indonesia.” in Flows of Faith: Religious Reach and Community in Asia and the Pacific, edited by Lenore Manderson, Wendy Smith, and Matt Tomlinson. Dordrecht; New York: Springer.
Mudzhar,M. Atho. 1993. Fatwa MajeIis Ulama Indonesia: Sebuah Studi tentang Pemikiran Hukum Islam di indonesia 1975-1988. Jakarta: INIS.
Mukri, H. Moh., and lnstitut Agama Islam Negeri Raden Intan. 2006. Analisis terhadap Fatwa MUI tentang Pelarangan Ajaran Ahmadiyah. Bandar Lampung: Pusat Penelitian lAIN Raden Intan.
Muslim World League. 2007. 7th Makkah Conference: Calls for Defending the Prophet of Mercy. Makkah: Muslim World League.
Nasution, Khoiruddin. 2008. "Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI): On Abmadiyah." Millah: Jurnal Studi Agama 7(2).
Natsir, M, and Lukman Hakiem. 2008. 100 Tahun Mohammad Natsir: Berdamai dengan Sejarah. Padang: Penerbit Republika.
Pijper, G.F. 1950. “De Ahmadiyah in Indonesia." Bingkisan budi: een bundel opstellen aan Dr. Philippus Samuel van Ronkel door vrienden en leerlingen aangeboden op zijn 80e verjaardag 1 Aug. 1950 247-254.
Platzdasch, Bernhard. 2011. Religious Freedom in Indonesia: The Case of the Ahmadiyah. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Putubena, M. Saleh. 2007. Historiografi Haji lndonesia. Yogyakarta: LKiS.
Qadeer, Mohammad A. 2006. Pakistan: Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation. London; New York: Routledge Retrieved March 1) 2012 (http: //site.ebrary.com/id/10272833).
Rais, M. Amien. 2004. Hubungan Antara Politik dan Dakwah: Berguru kepada M. Natsir. Pameungpeuk, Bandung: Mujahid.
Ropi, Ismatu. 2010. “Islamism, Government Regulation and the Ahmadiyah Controversies in Indonesia.” Al-Jami'ah 48(2).
Ropi, Ismatu. 2012. “The Politics of Regulating Religion: State, Civil Society and the Quest for Religious Freedom in Modern Indonesia.” Ph.D Thesis, Canberra: Australian National University.
Sevea, Iqbal Singh. 2009. “The Ahmadiyya Print Jihad in South and Southeast Asia, in Islamic Connections: Muslim Societies in South and Southeast Asia, edited by R. Michael Feener and. Terenjit Sevea. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Tempo Interaktif. 2008. “Mayoritas Korban FPI Luka di Kepala.” 03 Juni.
Tempo Magazine. 1974. “’Ahmadiyah Sebuah Titik yang Dilupa’." 44-50.
Valentine, Simon Ross. 2008. Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History; Belief, Practice. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wahid Institute. 2011. Annual Report: Kebebasan Beragama dan Kehidupan Keagamaan di indonesia. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute.
ZTF, Pradana Boy. 2012. “The Functions of Fatwa in Contemporary Muslim Societies: An Indonesian Experience." Jurnal Salam Vol 15, No 1.
Zulkarnain, Iskandar. 2005. Gerakan Ahmadiyah di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: LKiS Yogyakarta.
Retrieved from: http://jurnallektur.kemenag.go.id/index.php/heritage/article/view/101
Alfitri, 2008. "Religious Liberty in indonesia and the Rights of 'Deviant' Sects.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 3(1):3.
Avonius, Leena. 2008. “The Ahmadiyya & Freedom of Religion in Indonesia." ISIM Review 22(Autumn).
Badan Litbang Agama dan Diklat Keagamaan. 2008. Buku Sosialisasi Surat Keputusan Bersama Menteri Agama, Jaksa Agung, dan Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik lndonesia Nomor 3 Tahun 2008, Nomor KEP-033/A/JA/6/2008, Nomor 199 Tahun 2008 tentang Peringatan dan Perintah kepada Penganut, Anggota, dan/atau Anggota Pengurus Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia (JAI) dan Warga Masyarakat. Jakarta: Badan Litbang dan Diklat, Departemen Agama RI.
Beck, Herman L. 2005. “The Rupture between the Muhammadiyah and the Ahmadiyya." Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 161(2-3):210-246.
Blood, Margaret. 1974. “The Ahmadiyah in Indonesia: Its Early History and Contribution to Islam in the Archipelago.” Thesis, Department of Indonesian Languages and Literatures, Canberra, Australian National University.
Bruinessen, Martin Van. 2013. Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the Conservative Turn. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Crouch, Melissa. 2009. Indonesia: Militant Islam and Ahmadiyah: Origins and Implications. Melbourne: ARC Federation Fellowship, Centre for Islamic Law and Society, Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne.
Djamaluddin, M. Amin. 2007. Ahmadiyah Menodai Islam: Kumpulan Fakta dan Data. Jakarta; Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengkajian Islam.
Djamaluddin, M. Amin. 2008. Kebohongan Publik Terbaru Ahmadiyah: Tanggapan terhadap 12 Butir Penjelasan PB Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia. Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengkajian Islam.
Djamaluddin, M. Amin, Sudjangi, and Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengkajian Islam (Jakarta Indonesia). 2002. Ahmadiyah & Pembajakan al-Qur'an. Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian & Pengkajian Islam.
Drake, H. A. 2000. Constantine and the Bishops: the Politics of Intolerance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Husin, Asna. 1998. "Philosophical and Sociological Aspects of Dawah: A Study of Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia." New York: Columbia University.
Ichwan, Moch. Nur. 2001. 'Differing Responses to an Ahmadi Translation and Exegesis: The Holy Qur’an in Egypt and Indonesia." ArchipeI 62:143 – 161.
International Crisis Group. 2008. Indonesia: Implications of the Ahmadiyah Decree. Jakarta; Brussels: International Crisis Group.
Jalal, Ayesha. 2000. Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam since 1850. London: Routledge.
Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia. 1985. Kami Orang Islam: Dipersembahkan kepada yang Kami Cinta, Bangsa Indonesia. Jakarta: Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia.
Jones, Owen Bennett. 2002. Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Kahin, Audrey. 2012, Islam, Nationalism and Democracy: A Political Biography of Mohammad Natsir. Singapore: NUS Press.
Kamal-ud-Din, Khwaja. 1923. The Secret of Existence, or, The Gospel of Action. Woking; Basbeer Muslim Library.
Kamaluddin, Khawaja. 2006. Rahasia Hidup. Jakarta: Darrul Kutubil Islamiyah.
Kaptein, Nico J. G. 2004. The Voice of the "Ulama": Fatwas and Religious Authority in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Ma'mur, Uzamudin. 1995. ”Abul A'la Mawdudi's and Mohammad Natsir’s Views on Statehood: a Comparative Study." Montreal: McGill University.
Macmudi, Yon. 2008. Islamising Indonesia: The Rise of Jemaah Tarbiyah and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS). ANU E Press.
Mahendra, Yusril Ihza. 2008. “Sekali Lagi SKB tentang Ahmadiyah.” Retrieved (http://yusril.ihzamahendra.com/2008/06/11/sekali-Iagi-tentang-skb-ahmadiyah/).
Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). 2006. Keputusan Ijtima’ Ulama Komisi Fatwa MUI ll tahun 2005. Jakarta: Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). 2009. Mengawal Aqidah Umat: Fatwa MUl tentang Aliran-aliran Sesat di Indonesia. Jakarta: Sekretariat Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
Millie, Julian. 2012. “Preaching over Borders: Constructing Publics for Islamic Oratory in Indonesia.” in Flows of Faith: Religious Reach and Community in Asia and the Pacific, edited by Lenore Manderson, Wendy Smith, and Matt Tomlinson. Dordrecht; New York: Springer.
Mudzhar,M. Atho. 1993. Fatwa MajeIis Ulama Indonesia: Sebuah Studi tentang Pemikiran Hukum Islam di indonesia 1975-1988. Jakarta: INIS.
Mukri, H. Moh., and lnstitut Agama Islam Negeri Raden Intan. 2006. Analisis terhadap Fatwa MUI tentang Pelarangan Ajaran Ahmadiyah. Bandar Lampung: Pusat Penelitian lAIN Raden Intan.
Muslim World League. 2007. 7th Makkah Conference: Calls for Defending the Prophet of Mercy. Makkah: Muslim World League.
Nasution, Khoiruddin. 2008. "Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI): On Abmadiyah." Millah: Jurnal Studi Agama 7(2).
Natsir, M, and Lukman Hakiem. 2008. 100 Tahun Mohammad Natsir: Berdamai dengan Sejarah. Padang: Penerbit Republika.
Pijper, G.F. 1950. “De Ahmadiyah in Indonesia." Bingkisan budi: een bundel opstellen aan Dr. Philippus Samuel van Ronkel door vrienden en leerlingen aangeboden op zijn 80e verjaardag 1 Aug. 1950 247-254.
Platzdasch, Bernhard. 2011. Religious Freedom in Indonesia: The Case of the Ahmadiyah. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Putubena, M. Saleh. 2007. Historiografi Haji lndonesia. Yogyakarta: LKiS.
Qadeer, Mohammad A. 2006. Pakistan: Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation. London; New York: Routledge Retrieved March 1) 2012 (http: //site.ebrary.com/id/10272833).
Rais, M. Amien. 2004. Hubungan Antara Politik dan Dakwah: Berguru kepada M. Natsir. Pameungpeuk, Bandung: Mujahid.
Ropi, Ismatu. 2010. “Islamism, Government Regulation and the Ahmadiyah Controversies in Indonesia.” Al-Jami'ah 48(2).
Ropi, Ismatu. 2012. “The Politics of Regulating Religion: State, Civil Society and the Quest for Religious Freedom in Modern Indonesia.” Ph.D Thesis, Canberra: Australian National University.
Sevea, Iqbal Singh. 2009. “The Ahmadiyya Print Jihad in South and Southeast Asia, in Islamic Connections: Muslim Societies in South and Southeast Asia, edited by R. Michael Feener and. Terenjit Sevea. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Tempo Interaktif. 2008. “Mayoritas Korban FPI Luka di Kepala.” 03 Juni.
Tempo Magazine. 1974. “’Ahmadiyah Sebuah Titik yang Dilupa’." 44-50.
Valentine, Simon Ross. 2008. Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History; Belief, Practice. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wahid Institute. 2011. Annual Report: Kebebasan Beragama dan Kehidupan Keagamaan di indonesia. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute.
ZTF, Pradana Boy. 2012. “The Functions of Fatwa in Contemporary Muslim Societies: An Indonesian Experience." Jurnal Salam Vol 15, No 1.
Zulkarnain, Iskandar. 2005. Gerakan Ahmadiyah di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: LKiS Yogyakarta.
Retrieved from: http://jurnallektur.kemenag.go.id/index.php/heritage/article/view/101
Tuesday, February 23, 2016
From Egypt to Indonesia, all Islamic nations must learn from Pakistan’s mistakes
Written by
Farahnaz Ispahani
February 22, 2016 Quartz india
When Pakistan was founded in 1947, its secular founding fathers did not speak of an Islamic state.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, recognized as Pakistan’s
Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader), clearly declared that non-Muslims would be
equal citizens in the new country. Reflecting his secular views,
Jinnah—himself a Shia—nominated a Hindu, several Shias and an Ahmadi to
Pakistan’s first cabinet. Now, non-Muslim representation at the Cabinet
level is limited to symbolic appointments, while Shias face smear
campaigns from Sunni Muslims that declare them non-Muslims. And the
Ahmadis—who were some of Jinnah’s most ardent supporters in his quest
for a Muslim homeland on the subcontinent—are completely unrepresented;
they live as virtual outcasts in modern Pakistan.
In his famous speech of 11 August 1947, Jinnah
had stated that, in order to make Pakistan ‘happy and prosperous’, every
person living in the country, ‘no matter what is his colour, caste or
creed, [should be] first, second and last a citizen of this State with
equal rights, privileges, and obligations’. His speech advanced the case
for a secular, albeit Muslim-majority, Pakistan: ‘I cannot emphasize it
too much. We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time
all these angularities of the majority and minority communities, the
Hindu community and the Muslim community … will vanish.’
Jinnah also declared,
You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed—that has nothing to do with the business of the State … We are starting in the days where there is no discrimination, no distinction between one community and another, no discrimination between one caste or creed and another. We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State … Now I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.
The vision outlined by Pakistan’s founder remains
unfulfilled. Indeed, it appears further from realization than at any
time since this hopeful declaration of religious pluralism was made. At
the time of partition in 1947, almost 23% of Pakistan’s population
(which then included Bangladesh) comprised non-Muslim citizens. The
proportion of non-Muslims has since fallen to approximately 3%.
Pakistan
has descended to its current state of religious intolerance through a
series of political decisions by Jinnah’s successors.
Furthermore, the distinctions among Muslim
denominations have become far more accentuated over the years. Muslim
groups such as the Shias, which account for approximately 20-25% of
Pakistan’s Muslim population, are often targeted by violent extremists.
Ahmadis, barely 1% of the Muslim population, have been declared
non-Muslim by the writ of the state. Non-Muslim minorities such as
Christians, Hindus and Sikhs have been the victims of suicide bomb
attacks on their neighbourhoods, and their community members have been
converted to Islam against their will. Houses of worship of non-Muslims
as well as of Muslim minority sects have been attacked and bombed while
filled with worshippers.
Pakistan
has descended to its current state of religious intolerance through a
series of political decisions by Jinnah’s successors. The descent began
in 1949 with the Constituent Assembly declaring the objective of
Pakistan’s Constitution to be the creation of an Islamic state. It
reached a nadir with the ‘Islamization’ drive under General Zia during
the 1980s. Now, the country is dealing with armed militias and terrorist
groups—many of which were sponsored by the state under the Zia regime
and in the civil and military governments since—each intent on imposing
its version of Islam by violent means.
Pakistan’s most prominent human rights activist,
Asma Jahangir, warns that the worst is yet to come. ‘Past experience has
shown that the Islamists gain space when civilian authority weakens,’
she pointed out in an article a few years ago. ‘The proliferation of
arms and official sanction for jihad have made militant groups a
frightening challenge for the government. Pakistan’s future remains
uncertain and its will to fight against rising religious intolerance is
waning.’ The purpose of examining Pakistan’s embrace of religious
extremism is not revealed merely in the recognition of the country’s ill
treatment of its religious minorities.
In the context of a Muslim world comprising a
youthful population of somewhere in the order of 1.4 billion people, it
is equally critical to note the actions of state-sponsored organizations
or extremist groups against religious minorities in all Muslim
countries. Attacks on religious minorities occur in several
Muslim-majority nations, from Egypt to Indonesia, just as they do in
Pakistan. But as Pakistan is the first country to declare itself an
Islamic republic in modern times, the study of Pakistan’s handling of
its minorities can be a helpful guide in understanding and anticipating
the threats that would arise wherever Islamist militancy is on the
ascendant.
Excerpted with permission from HarperCollins India from the book, Purifying the Land of the Pure: Pakistan’s Religious Minorities, by Farahnaz Ispahani. We welcome your comments at ideas.india@qz.com.http://qz.com/621778/from-egypt-to-indonesia-all-islamic-nations-must-learn-from-pakistans-mistakes/
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)